Posts filed under ‘FIEBRE en el POSTOPERATORIO’
Still fighting prosthetic joint infection after knee replacement
LANCET Infectous Diseases June 2019 V.19 N.6
COMMENT – Still fighting prosthetic joint infection after knee replacement
We congratulate Erik Lenguerrand and colleagues on the publication of their paper in The Lancet Infectious Diseases1 and respect that it is a well-conducted study. In their large-scale observational study, the authors collected data from the UK National Joint Registry including a total of 679 010 primary knee arthroplasty cases and evaluated associations between patient, surgical, and healthcare system factors and the risk of revision for prosthetic joint infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest cohort study to date analysing the risk factors for periprosthetic joint infection following primary total knee replacement…
FULL TEXT
https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S1473-3099%2819%2930067-2
LANCET Infectous Diseases June 2019 V.19 N.6
Risk factors associated with revision for prosthetic joint infection following knee replacement: an observational cohort study from England and Wales
Background
Prosthetic joint infection is a devastating complication of knee replacement. The risk of developing a prosthetic joint infection is affected by patient, surgical, and health-care system factors. Existing evidence is limited by heterogeneity in populations studied, short follow-up, inadequate power, and does not differentiate early prosthetic joint infection, most likely related to the intervention, from late infection, more likely to occur due to haematogenous bacterial spread. We aimed to assess the overall and time-specific associations of these factors with the risk of revision due to prosthetic joint infection following primary knee replacement.
Methods
In this cohort study, we analysed primary knee replacements done between 2003 and 2013 in England and Wales and the procedures subsequently revised for prosthetic joint infection between 2003 and 2014. Data were obtained from the National Joint Registry linked to the Hospital Episode Statistics data in England and the Patient Episode Database for Wales. Each primary replacement was followed for a minimum of 12 months until the end of the observation period (Dec 31, 2014) or until the date of revision for prosthetic joint infection, revision for another indication, or death (whichever occurred first). We analysed the data using Poisson and piecewise exponential multilevel models to assess the associations between patient, surgical, and health-care system factors and risk of revision for prosthetic joint infection.
Findings
Of 679 010 primary knee replacements done between 2003 and 2013 in England and Wales, 3659 were subsequently revised for an indication of prosthetic joint infection between 2003 and 2014, after a median follow-up of 4·6 years (IQR 2·6–6·9). Male sex (rate ratio [RR] for male vs female patients 1·8 [95% CI 1·7–2·0]), younger age (RR for age ≥80 years vs <60 years 0·5 [0·4–0·6]), higher American Society of Anaesthesiologists [ASA] grade (RR for ASA grade 3–5 vs 1, 1·8 [1·6–2·1]), elevated body-mass index (BMI; RR for BMI ≥30 kg/m2 vs <25 kg/m2 1·5 [1·3–1·6]), chronic pulmonary disease (RR 1·2 [1·1–1·3]), diabetes (RR 1·4 [1·2–1·5]), liver disease (RR 2·2 [1·6–2·9]), connective tissue and rheumatic diseases (RR 1·5 [1·3–1·7]), peripheral vascular disease (RR 1·4 [1·1–1·7]), surgery for trauma (RR 1·9 [1·4–2·6]), previous septic arthritis (RR 4·9 [2·7–7·6]) or inflammatory arthropathy (RR 1·4 [1·2–1·7]), operation under general anaesthesia (RR 1·1 [1·0–1·2]), requirement for tibial bone graft (RR 2·0 [1·3–2·7]), use of posterior stabilised fixed bearing prostheses (RR for posterior stabilised fixed bearing prostheses vs unconstrained fixed bearing prostheses 1·4 [1·3–1·5]) or constrained condylar prostheses (3·5 [2·5–4·7]) were associated with a higher risk of revision for prosthetic joint infection. However, uncemented total, patellofemoral, or unicondylar knee replacement (RR for uncemented vs cemented total knee replacement 0·7 [95% CI 0·6–0·8], RR for patellofemoral vs cemented total knee replacement 0·3 [0·2–0·5], and RR for unicondylar vs cemented total knee replacement 0·5 [0·5–0·6]) were associated with lower risk of revision for prosthetic joint infection. Most of these factors had time-specific effects, depending on the time period post-surgery.
Interpretation
We have identified several risk factors for revision for prosthetic joint infection following knee replacement. Some of these factors are modifiable, and the use of targeted interventions or strategies could lead to a reduced risk of revision for prosthetic joint infection. Non-modifiable factors and the time-specific nature of the effects we have observed will allow clinicians to appropriately counsel patients preoperatively and tailor follow-up regimens.
Funding
National Institute for Health Research.
FULL TEXT
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(18)30755- 2/fulltext?dgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email
https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S1473-3099%2818%2930755-2
REVISION – Difusión de los antibióticos en el sistema nervioso central
Revista Española de Quimioterapia Febrero 2018 V.31 N.1 P.1–12.
José María Cabrera-Maqueda,corresponding author1 Luna Fuentes Rumí,1 Gabriel Valero López,1 Ana Esther Baidez Guerrero,1 Estefanía García Molina,1 José Díaz Pérez,1 and Elisa García-Vázquez2
RESUMEN
Las infecciones del SNC causadas por patógenos mutiresistentes suponen un reto terapéutico. El paso de fluidos y de solutos al SNC está estrechamente regulado a través de la BHE.La penetración de cualquier fármaco, inclusive los ATB, en el LCR depende del tamaño molecular, la lipofilicidad, la unión a proteínas plasmáticas y su afinidad por transportadores de la BHE. La relación entre el área bajo la curva en el LCR y el suero AUCCSF (Area Bajo la Curva en LCR)/AUCS (Area Bajo la Curva en suero) de una sustancia es el parámetro más preciso para determinar su capacidad de difusión.
Linezolid, algunas quinolonas y metronidazol consiguen altas concentraciones en LCR y son útiles para tratar microorganismos sensibles. Algunos ATB cuya permeabilidad a través de la BHE es baja pueden ser administrados directamente en el ventrículo a la vez que se realiza infusión IV. El ATB ideal para tratar una infección del SNC es pequeño, no tiene alta tasa de unión a proteínas plasmáticas, es moderadamente lipofílico y no es un ligando de alta afinidad a bombas de expulsión de la BHE.
Conocer la farmacocinética de los ATB y su interacción con la BHE permitirá mejorar el tratamiento de los pacientes con infecciones del SNC. En este artículo se exponen las propiedades físico-químicas de los principales grupos de ATB para evaluar cuáles son más prometedores en el tratamiento de las infecciones del SNC y cómo usarlos en la práctica clínica habitual.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6159365/pdf/revespquimioter-31-1.pdf
Multidrug-resistant Organisms in Hospitals: What Is on Patient Hands and in Their Rooms?
Clin Infect Dis. April 13, 2019.
Background
The impact of healthcare personnel hand contamination in multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) transmission is important and well studied; however, the role of patient hand contamination needs to be characterized further.
Methods
Patients from 2 hospitals in southeast Michigan were recruited within 24 hours of arrival to their room and followed prospectively using microbial surveillance of nares, dominant hand, and 6 high-touch environmental surfaces. Sampling was performed on admission, days 3 and 7, and weekly until discharge. Paired samples of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from the patients’ hand and room surfaces were evaluated for relatedness using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec, and Panton-Valentine leukocidin typing.
Results
A total of 399 patients (mean age, 60.8 years; 49% male) were enrolled and followed for 710 visits. Fourteen percent (n = 56/399) of patients were colonized with an MDRO at baseline; 10% (40/399) had an MDRO on their hands. Twenty-nine percent of rooms harbored an MDRO. Six percent (14/225 patients with at least 2 visits) newly acquired an MDRO on their hands during their stay. New MDRO acquisition in patients occurred at a rate of 24.6/1000 patient-days, and in rooms at a rate of 58.6/1000 patient-days. Typing demonstrated a high correlation between MRSA on patient hands and room surfaces.
Conclusions
Our data suggest that patient hand contamination with MDROs is common and correlates with contamination on high-touch room surfaces. Patient hand hygiene protocols should be considered to reduce transmission of pathogens and healthcare-associated infections.
FULL TEXT
https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciz092/5445425
PDF (CLIC en PDF)
Chile: Primer reporte de colonización por Candida auris uris en un paciente procedente de India
Sociedad Chilena de Infectología
Microbiólogos e infectólogos del Hospital del Salvador, de Santiago, reportaron el 1er aislamiento en Chile de Candida auris en un paciente de nacionalidad india y radicado en Chile hace 30 años. El paciente es diabético tipo II de larga data.
En agosto 2018 evolucionó con signos de isquemia y posteriormente necrosis del 4to dedo izquierdo asociado a celulitis del mismo pie.
Sus familiares decidieron el traslado a Mumbay (India), para su tratamiento.
Fue amputado en un hospital en Mumbay el 20/agosto/2018. Completó 24 días de hospitalización por dificultad en el manejo de su diabetes mellitus, y posteriormente continuó con curaciones ambulatorias en el mismo centro.
Una semana antes de volver a Chile, en octubre 2018, notó signos compatibles con necrosis en la falange distal del 3er dedo ipsilateral.
Consultó a su regreso a Chile en el Servicio de Urgencia de un centro privado. Fue derivado al Hospital del Salvador, donde se estudió y derivó a cirugía vascular para amputación del 3er y 5to dedos izquierdos con diagnóstico de pie diabético con complicaciones vasculares, sin signos de infección.
El 26/diciembre/2018 ingresó a pabellón, donde se tomaron cultivos de tejido del lecho de amputación y de una úlcera plantar en relación a la base del 5to dedo.
Luego de 48 hs de incubación no hubo crecimiento de colonias en el cultivo corriente, por lo que se realizó un traspaso final desde el caldo tioglicolato a un agar sangre.
El 31/12/2018 se estudió una colonia blanca pequeña, la que es identificada como Kokuria kristinae (98% de concordancia). Se realizó tinción de Gram de dicha colonia, observándose levaduras.
El 2/enero/2019 se procesó nuevamente, dando como resultado C. auris con 99% de concordancia.
En función de los resultados obtenidos, se envió la cepa al Instituto de Salud Pública (ISP), quien el 17/enero/2019 confirmó la identificación.
El paciente no fue tratado con antifúngicos debido a que este hallazgo fue interpretado como una colonización, al no existir síntomas ni signos inflamatorios en el sitio quirúrgico.
En controles posteriores, un mes después de la amputación, se evidenciaron elementos compatibles con infección del sitio quirúrgico (ISQ) realizándose toilette de la zona en la cual se aislaron Klebsiella pneumoniae (en tejido óseo y partes blandas) y Staphylococcus aureus (partes blandas), pero no se ha vuelto a aislar C. auris en muestras de tejido y hueso del paciente.
Producto del patrón de susceptibilidad de los agentes identificados, se hospitalizó para tratamiento ATB IV, siendo sometido finalmente a una amputación trans-metatarsiana el 19/febrero/2019.
En dicho procedimiento se tomaron cultivos óseos y de tejidos blandos adyacentes con resultados negativos.
Durante esta hospitalización, se obtuvieron hisopados nasal, orofaríngeo, axilar e inguinorrectal para estudio de portación de C. auris, con resultados negativos.
Para los procesos de atención clínica, el paciente fue manejado con precauciones de contacto (unidad individual, uso de elementos de protección personal, aseo de unidad supervisado de acuerdo a protocolo interno).
Candida auris es un hongo emergente considerado una seria amenaza para la salud pública. La preocupación mundial por C. auris se debe principalmente a tres razones:
1) la resistencia que presenta a múltiples antifúngicos comúnmente utilizados para tratar las infecciones por Candida;
2) los errores en la identificación con los métodos de laboratorio estándar;
3) ser causa de brotes intrahospitalarios en los cinco continentes.
Por esta razón, es importante identificar rápidamente la presencia de C. auris en un paciente hospitalizado, para que se puedan tomar las precauciones especiales para detener su propagación. Dado el gran potencial de diseminación de esta Candida, es muy importante reforzar las medidas de control para reducir el riesgo de transmisión.
Fuente:
Primer reporte en Chile de colonización por Candida auris en un paciente procedente de India.
Sociedad Chilena de Infectología (Chile)
RECOMENDACIONES PARA LA PREVENCIÓN DE INFECCIONES ASOCIADAS A ARTOPLASTIA ELECTIVA EN ADULTOS
Medicina (Buenos Aires). 2017 V.77 N.2 P.143-157
JUAN CARLOS CHULUYÁN1*, ANDREA VILA2*, ANA LAURA CHATTÁS3*, MARCELO MONTERO3*, CLAUDIA PENSOTTI4*+, CLAUDIA TOSELLO5*, MARISA SÁNCHEZ6*, CECILIA VERA OCAMPO7*, GUILLERMINA KREMER8*, RODOLFO QUIRÓS8*, GUILLERMO A. BENCHETRIT9*,CAROLINA FERNANDA PÉREZ10*, ANA LAURA TERUSI11*, FRANCISCO NACINOVICH12*
1 Grupo de Trabajo Infectología, Hospital General de Agudos Dr. T. Álvarez,
2 Servicio de Infectología, Hospital Italiano de Mendoza,
3 Hospital General de Agudos Dr. Pirovano,
4 Clínica Monte Grande,
5 Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, UBA,
6 Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires,
7 Sanatorio Dupuytren,
8 Hospital Universitario Austral,
9 Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, UBA,
10 Policlínico del Docente-Centro Médico Huésped,
11 Instituto César Milstein,
12 Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Centros Médicos Dr. Stamboulian, Argentina
Las infecciones del sitio quirúrgico que complican las cirugías ortopédicas con implante prolongan la estadía hospitalaria y aumentan tanto el riesgo de readmisión como el costo de la internación y la mortalidad. Las presentes recomendaciones están dirigidas a:
(i) optimizar el cumplimiento de normas y la incorporación de hábitos en cada una de las fases de la cirugía, detectando factores de riesgo para infecciones del sitio quirúrgico potencialmente corregibles o modificables; y
(ii) adecuar la profilaxis antibiótica preoperatoria y el cuidado intra y postoperatorio.
Microscopic Examination and Broth Culture of Cerebrospinal Fluid in Diagnosis of Meningitis
Journal of Clinical Microbiology June 1998 V.36 N.6 P.1617-1620
Dunbar SA et al
We reviewed the results of microscopic Gram stain examination and routine culture for 2,635 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples processed in an adult hospital microbiology laboratory during 55 months. There were 56 instances of bacterial or fungal meningitis (16 associated with central nervous system [CNS] shunt infection), four infections adjacent to the subarachnoid space, four cases of sepsis without meningitis, and an additional 220 CSF specimens with positive cultures in which the organism isolated was judged to be a contaminant. Because 121 of these contaminants were isolated in broth only, elimination of the broth culture would decrease unnecessary work. However, 25% of the meningitis associated with CNS shunts would have been missed by this practice. The most common cause of meningitis was Cryptococcus neoformans, followed by Streptococcus pneumoniaeand Neisseria meningitidis. In 48 of 56 (88%) of cases, examination of the Gram-stained specimen revealed the causative organism. If patients who had received effective antimicrobial therapy prior to lumbar puncture are excluded, the CSF Gram stain is 92% sensitive. Microscopic examination incorrectly suggested the presence of organisms in only 3 of 2,635 (0.1%) CSF examinations. Thus, microscopic examination of Gram-stained, concentrated CSF is highly sensitive and specific in early diagnosis of bacterial or fungal meningitis.
Bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening infection. Although patients typically present with fever, headache, stiff neck, and altered mental status, these symptoms may be subtle in elderly or immunocompromised persons (1, 6, 7,18). Early implementation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy requires prompt identification of the infecting pathogen. Although culture is considered to be the definitive diagnostic test, microscopic examination of a Gram-stained specimen of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may provide immediate information about the causative microorganism. Previous studies have suggested that the sensitivity of this technique ranges from 60 to 90% and the specificity approaches 100% (1, 5,6, 8, 12, 18). Scheld concludes that the overall sensitivity is only 75% (14). It is often unclear whether earlier studies have stratified patients based upon their having received prior antimicrobial therapy. Further, the role of semiquantitative assessment of leukocytes (WBC) by microscopic examination as an indicator of infection (8, 12) is uncertain. The value of using broth culture in various populations is also questionable (9, 10,17). In the present study, we reviewed the results of microscopic examination and routine culture of 2,635 CSF specimens to establish the predictive value of the cytocentrifuged Gram stain and the usefulness of broth culture in a veteran population.
FULL TEXT
https://jcm.asm.org/content/36/6/1617
